response to Naomi Wolf :: essays research papers

     What current society directs ladies should look like has greatly affected typical ladies and how they believe they should look and act. I have no uncertainty a colossal issue exists in the public eye subsequently. I think it has brought about ladies being put to the side as far as progression. It additionally summons a feeling of low confidence. Young ladies wherever are raised before a picture they can never accomplish. A genuinely perfect lady is one who has the trust in herself to realize that she is past that picture. The watchword there is certainty. Sadly, the magazine spread industry breaks certainty with its depictions of slight, tall ladies. The perfect magazine spread lady is an unreachable deception. Be that as it may, there is no liable gathering to be accused for this reality. Blaming the organizations putting that picture to utilize is uncalled for. The possibility that ladies are exposed to an unjustifiable measure of weight because of the design world and other news sources is not really new, however Naomi Wolf takes this case to another and preposterous level. Her paper is as disorderly as it is illogical. Her thoughts are introduced in a buffet of imperfect rationale. Especially upsetting is the thing that she calls the â€Å"beauty myth.† What I can't help contradicting is the word fantasy. As per Wolf, ladies in magazines and notices have around 20% less weight than that of the normal lady, making an out of reach standard. This reality not the slightest bit underpins her case of a â€Å"beauty myth.† The presence of a fantasy proposes something to be false in nature. Magazine organizations and commercial offices are not in the matter of demonstrating a normal lady. They are in the matter of selling an item. Obviously they are going to utilize excellent individuals. These organizations totally respect the way that most ladies don't in truth resemble this, yet they realize that their item would be less engaging on the off chance that they showed normal or ugly ladies. Along these lines, they don't merit investigation over the way that they don't present a commonplace lady. They in reality do likewise for men. Wolf says, â€Å"The magnificence legend isn't about ladies by any means. It is about men’s foundations and institutional power† (page 485, first new section). How can one start to state how distorted this impression is?

Create Primary Care Clinic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Make Primary Care Clinic - Research Paper Example Our major clinical orders are 9 unique claims to fame. Referral to expert specialists with respect to every significant field are done adequately contingent upon state of patients. The statement of purpose I need to have for our centers is; â€Å"Quality Health care for all, reasonable and Satisfaction Guaranteed†. Why I have picked this announcement as a crucial our facilities? Well answer is straightforward we give exceptional nature of care to our patients at center. Likewise our agreement administrations including 24-hour care at entryway step and meeting with master experts and specialists is exceptionally modest and is fulfilling off kilter for our clients and patients. Our agreement administrations like dealing with a patient at home and making orchestrating of arrangement of patients with various master experts are of more prominent significance. It is developing a decent picture on the neighborhood network. By essential consideration centers we mean professionals, for example, breast fed giving emergency treatment and fix of normal ailment like cold, fever and regular hypersensitivity issues. Female attendants are of more prominent significant in such manner as two of our proprietors are likewise enrolled female medical caretakers. Female medical caretakers assume a significant job in network, for example, advancing mindfulness about medical problems among female individuals from the network (Law and Scott, 2008). Likewise female individuals from neighborhood network trust more on the nurses’ that have a place with their own locale in regards to various issues. There are numerous administrations given by our center to the nearby networks encompassing our the two facilities like anti-conception medication pills and different drugs and introductory administrations that are accessible. As an essential center we additionally need Legal wellbeing accomplices supporting us in offering our types of assistance adequately. Lawful wellbeing accomplices as we probably am aware offer lawful support lawful medical issues identified with our patients just as managing distinctive lawful issues patients would look during treatment. Moreover

Summer days, driftin away

Summer days, driftin’ away A parent posted a great comment on my last entry, with too much to talk about for one entry (especially since I have a hockey game to play in quite soon), but Ill do what I can for now and try to cover other issues in the future. The parent wrote: Why is it so important to have gone to a camp like RSI for admission purposes other than for its own sake as a summer camp that one might go to for fun and learning? Does the MIT admissions process look at this as a factor? Why? It seems to me that more and more kids no matter how talented and intelligent they might be, are spending more and more of their precious childhood/teenage/youngadulthood years preparing for getting into a competitive Ivy League college. Let me begin, in the interest of honesty and full disclosure, by telling you the two reasons I wrote my last entry. The first is, to be quite truthful, that I work at MIT, and the deadlines for our summer programs are fast approaching. MIT would like talented students to apply to these programs. The second reason, though, is personal. The summer program I went to changed my life. It wasnt any of the fancy (really cool) summer programs I blogged about. It was the Johns Hopkins University Pre-College Summer Program, basically a program where you pay a lot of money to live on a college campus with other motivated high school students and take classes. The program probably cost more than should have made it reasonable for my family I (especially when you consider the opportunity costs of my not working while I was away), but I really wanted to go, and this was the only program I had heard of (remember, the Internet was in its infancy at the time). And, like I said, I had never lived away from home before and had spent very little time in big cities like Baltimore. So I begged local organizations for some scholarship help and off I went. For the first time, I was in the company of a great number of real academic peers who were excited about learning. My three suitemates were the kinds of people I had never met before: an atheist raised Jewish (Jason), a guy from Japan (Satoshi), and an Indian-American (Ravi). I remember being confused about Ravi being Indian, as I had only encountered Native Americans (Indians) to that point. Who would have thought that many years later Id be anxiously awaiting the release of, or even having heard of, Swades (but I digress). I met Mormons, and African Americans, and Wally. I took my first sociology class, which opened my mind beyond the issues of my rather provincial hometown (which I still love). I took Calculus and realized that it is not the end but rather the beginning of mathematics. I have mentioned before that I graduated from my high school one year early, having exhausted my high school and communitys academic opprtunities. My original plan was to begin attending a local college after that. But after coming back from the summer program (between my second and third years of high school), I was inspired to instead join a university community that had all the wonderful things I experienced at the summer program. I needed more. Eventually, this lead me to MIT. In all these ways, that summer program opened my mind and changed my life. And my hope is that for those who could benefit from such an experience learn about them and take a shot at it. Who knows, it might just change more lives. I ended my last post with a request for folks to encourage some juniors to consider a summer program. I honestly hope that some of you went into school today and, playing the role of mentor, actually encouraged a friend to consider it. I do not recommend these summer programs as a thing to do to look good on a college application. This should be for personal development. We do not expect that students do these programs. Like I said in my earlier entry, a summer of working and spending time with friends family is a great option, one I chose for the majority of my summers in high school. Reading, doing sports, rebuilding a car, traveling to Europe or Quebec or New York, or whatever else are great ways to spend your summers. Again, I just hope youll take advantage of the large block of free time to do something meaningful for yourself. As Random Rickoid said in the comments, Summer was the one time in high school where I actually got to fully dictate my life. There were lots of other issues raised that Id like to talk about, but I have to get ready for MIT Alumni (Old Skool Hockey) vs. Aero/Astro (Flying Squirrels) at MITs Johnson Ice Rink. I hope to continue talking about the other points raised by this parent, as well as many other questions, in the near future.

Rappacini - 1155 Words

Rappaccini`s Daughter Rappaccini`s Daughter is gothic story written by Nathaniel Hawthorn in 1844.the story begins with a young man Giovanni who comes to Padua to study medicine at the university of Padua .He rents a room a ‘’high gloomy chamber’’ above a magical garden .The garden belongs to Dr. Rappaccini who lives with his own daughter ,Beatric who has been poisonous by his father .Giovanni sits by window which overlooks to the garden ,he is fascinated by garden which are full of strange flowers and plants .One day he is attracted by Rappaccini`s daughter Beatric He falls in loves with her but he is warned by his father`s freind professor Baglion to stay away from her because of her poisonous nature.So†¦show more content†¦Another theme of story is about human lust for power. Rappaccini uses science as vehicle for power over nature, through Beatric and the garden .He just, for the sake of power through science ,treats with Beatric and the plants.Touching nothing directly ,only looking and tending from distance. Baglioni also is represented a person who wants to win Dr.Rappaccini so he decides to kill Beatric.And Giovanni is not the person who truly loves Beatric .He loves her as he wants Beatric to be not as she is. Beatric is the only human who establish real love and who wants to love and be loved. Giovanni is the young protagonist. That he views the garden from his â€Å"lofty window† suggests his perspective on the complexity of good and evil embodied in Beatrice . When he first begins to understand that she is dangerous, he dismisses his suspicions as â€Å"fantasy†; however, as he becomes more concerned with himself than with her, he eventually calls her a â€Å"poisonous thing† who has contaminated him, making him â€Å"as hateful, as ugly, as loathsome and deadly a creature† as she. By the end of the story, his selfishness completely blinds him to her goodness, and as a result, he gives her the antidote provided by Baglioni, in this way hoping to â€Å"redeem† her from her evil nature and save her for a life of love with him. A â€Å"tall, emaciated, sallow, and sickly looking man, dressed in a scholar’s garb of black,† Dr. Giacomo Rappaccini, aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Novel Rappacini s Daughter 1594 Words    |  7 PagesIn â€Å"Rappacini’s Daughter†, Hawthorne shows the rivalry between two scientists, romance brought by evil, and the death of an innocent daughter. In addition, Hawthorne explains the fall of Giovanni when he moves to another city and finds himself in a garden full of lust. Beatrice, innocent, beautiful, and yet poisonous, she didn’t her flesh and beauty would be hazardous to the man she loved, Giovanni. Hawthorne also explains in similar and symbolic allusions in the tale. Baglioni is a well-respectedRead MoreMorality And Technology And The Presence Of Technology1623 Words   |  7 Pagesprocess. Gould argues that evolution is not connected to morality. However utilizing the reading and perspective of â€Å"Rappacini’s Daughter† by Nathaniel Hawthorne I argue that morality is something that has an evolutionary aspect for humans. Rappacini seems not to have evolved the morality most humans have because he sacrificed his daughter’s happiness and her ability to live an ordinary life. Similarly people centuries ago who invented disturbing torture devices were not as moral as people todayRead MoreRappaccinis Daughter And The Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesIt was a symbol of his discoveries of the elemental power of nature. This time, Georgian was one of the elements Aylmer used to discover the physiological truth by his plan of removing his wife’s mark. As compared to Dr. Aylmer, Dr. Rappacini is also a skilled physician who makes a different scientific experiment on both human beings and plants. He is a famous doctor by which his name is heard as far as Naples. He makes a medication from strange plants like collecting the strange flowersRead MoreTwo Mad Scientists: a Comparison of Hawthorne’s Short Stories â€Å"the Birthmark† and â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter1572 Words   |  7 Pagesscientist appearing in â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter†.Furthermore I will give a comparison of both of the female characters, which are the victims of the scientists. On the one hand there is Georgiana, Aylmer’s wife, and on the other hand there is Beatrice Rappacini, the daughter of Giacomo Rappaccini. After I named similarities, as well as differences between the two scientists and also between their wife and daughter, I will concentrate on the symbols â€Å"nature† and â€Å"science† and how they are represented asRead More`` The Birthmark `` And `` Rappaccini s Daughter ``1934 Words   |  8 Pagesled to the suffering of others and themselves. Beatrice is beautiful in every way without flaw. Unfortunately, her beauty is corrupted by Dr. Rappaccini’s science experiment. Dr. Rappaccini is her father in which she loves dearly. However, Dr. Rappacini is an evil scientist who only cares for his own success and willing to put his own daughter at risk. He put Beatrice with all the toxin plants in his garden as part of his science experiment. Over the years, the flowers and along with Beatrice becameRead More Hawthornes Rappaccinis Daughter Essay3312 Words   |  14 Pageshands over them, in the attitude of a father imploring a blessing upon his children. But those were the same hands that had thrown poison into the stream of their lives! Metaphorically, as a playwright or, as this passage implies, a sculptor, Rappacini has employed his garden and its portal—the scene of his and Beatrice’s entrances throughout the tale—as a setting for this moment, when he finally gives Beatrice her â€Å"bridegroom† (941) to share in the beautiful world he has created. But, as the narrator

Meaning of the Crude Birth Rate and Crude Death Rate

The crude birth rate (CBR) and crude death rate (CBR) are statistical values that can be used to measure the growth or decline of a population. Definitions The crude birth rate and crude death rate are both measured by the rate of births or deaths respectively among a population of 1,000. The CBR and CDR are determined by taking the total number of births or deaths in a population and dividing both values by a number to obtain the rate per 1,000. For example, if a country has a population of 1  million, and 15,000 babies were born last year in that country, we divide both the 15,000 and 1,000,000 by 1,000 to obtain the rate per 1,000. Thus the crude birth rate is 15 per 1,000. The crude birth rate is called crude because it does not take into account age or sex differences among the population. In our hypothetical country, the rate is 15 births for every 1,000 people, but the likelihood is that around 500 of those 1,000 people are men, and of the 500 who are women, only a certain percentage are capable of giving birth in a given year. Birth Trends Crude birth rates of more than 30 per 1,000 are considered high, and rates of less than 18 per 1,000 are considered low. The global crude birth rate in 2016 was 19 per 1,000. In 2016, crude birth rates ranged from 8 per 1,000 in countries such as Japan, Italy, Republic of Korea, and Portugal  to 48 in Niger. The CBR in the United States continued  trending down, as it did for the entire world since peaking in 1963, coming in at 12 per 1,000. By comparison in 1963, the worlds  crude birth rate hit more than 36. Many African countries have a very high crude birth rate, and women in those countries have a high total fertility rate, meaning they give births to many children in their lifetime. Countries with a low fertility rate (and low crude birth rate of 10 to 12 in 2016) include European nations, the United States, and China. Death Trends The crude death rate measures the rate of deaths for every 1,000 people in a given population. Crude death rates of below 10 are considered low, while crude death rates above 20 per 1,000 are considered high. Crude death rates in 2016 ranged from 2 in Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and Bahrain  to 15 per 1,000 in Latvia, Ukraine, and Bulgaria.   The global crude death rate in 2016 was 7.6, and in the United  States,  the rate was 8  per 1,000.  The  crude death rate for the world has been on the decline since 1960 when it came in at 17.7. It has been falling around the world (and dramatically in developing economies) due to longer life spans  brought about by a better food supplies and distribution, better nutrition, better and more widely available medical care (and the development of technologies such as immunizations and antibiotics), improvements in sanitation and hygiene, and clean water supplies.  Much of the increase in world population over the last century overall has been attributed more to longer life expectancies rather than an increase in births.

Solar Power Free Essays

string(54) " was the equivalent of about 20 nuclear power plants\." ABSTRACT The assignment is based on solar energy and the title is â€Å"Solar Energy: and infinite resource meeting our infinite demand. † Firstly, solar energy is then introduced where it states that the energy radiated from sun is the solar energy which is essential for Earth. The aspects to be covered and the motivation for choosing solar energy are then explained. We will write a custom essay sample on Solar Power or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pictures of solar cells are provided to have a better view of how solar power is generated. In addition, the importance of solar power is explained which says that solar energy is important to nature as it is the power source of life and a clean energy as it helps to keep the environment green. Secondly, the process of generating solar power from solar energy is explained with the help of a diagram. Next, real life examples of how solar power is harnessed in different countries are given. The examples are described in details and the use of solar power in Germany and Bangladesh is highlighted. Then, a table is included which represents the largest photovoltaic power stations around the world. You can read also Thin Film Solar Cell After that, some plans of using solar power in future are given in details. It further talks about the future of solar power in Bangladesh and India. Finally, the assignment is concluded with the thought that solar energy is a renewable resource which when used causes no pollution and for this reason, the world is watching that solar energy is not only capable of saving electricity but also it has many offerings that goes beyond what most people think. Solar Energy: An infinite resource meeting our infinite demand Introduction Sun had been the main source of energy since the Earth was born. It is the source for primary production. People have been using the energy of Sun in various ways. Apart from these usages, people have finally learnt to generate Solar Power from the solar energy. The Sun is 150 kilometers away, and amazingly powerful. Just the tiny fraction of the Sun’s energy that hits the Earth (around a hundredth of a millionth of a percent) is enough to meet our power needs many times over. In fact, every minute, enough energy arrives at the Earth’s surface to meet our demands for a whole year – it the energy could be harnessed properly. That is, Solar Energy is an infinite resource meeting our infinite demand. The sun produces a tremendous amount of energy. Every second, more than  4 million metric tons  of hydrogen is converted into helium. But even at this rate, the sun will continue producing solar energy for another  5 billion years. As a result, solar energy is considered the ultimate  renewable energy. Aspect to be covered: The use of solar energy to generate solar power (solar cells) and save electricity. Motivation: Nowadays, non-renewable resources are at crisis. In Bangladesh, electricity consumption is high and it fails to meet the demand. Bangladesh suffers load shedding at a high rate. Therefore, in order to save electricity, people must come forward and learn to harness solar energy in order to produce solar power. The more efficiently the solar energy can be harnessed, the more electricity can be saved. Using solar energy we will be able to reduce our carbon footprint and be free from rising utility rates. Importance of Solar Energy Generating Solar Power involves no pollution. Environmentally, it is the most Clean and Green energy. Solar energy is clean, renewable (unlike gas, oil, and coal), and sustainable, helping to protect our environment. Solar Energy Is Important In Nature: Solar energy is an important part of almost every life process, if not, all life processes. Plants and animals, alike, use solar energy to produce important nutrients in their cells. Plants use the energy to produce the green chlorophyll that they need to survive, while humans use the sun rays to produce vitamin D in their bodies. However, when man learned to actually convert solar energy into usable energy, it became even more important. Solar Energy Is Important As Clean Energy: Since solar energy is completely natural, it is considered a clean energy source. It does not disrupt the environment or create a threat to Eco-systems the way oil and some other energy sources might. It does not cause greenhouse gases, air or water pollution. The small amount of impact it does have on the environment is usually from the chemicals and solvents that are used during the manufacture of the photovoltaic cells that are needed to convert the sun’s energy into electricity. This is a small problem compared to the huge impact that one oil spill can have on the environment. The Conversion of Solar Energy to Solar Power Solar Cells (also called â€Å"Photovoltaic†, â€Å"PV†, or â€Å"Photoelectric† cells) convert sunlight into electricity. It is made up of three subsystems * The PV Devices generate the solar power by converting sunlight into direct-current (DC) electricity. * The BOS consists of all the equipment between the PV devices and the load. It includes the structure for mounting the PV devices, he power conditioning equipment to convert the DC electricity to alternating current (AC) for the use by the load, and batteries for storing the PV generated electricity if desired. The Load is simply the device that uses the electricity. The television is a good example of a load. Case Studies: * Germany has long been the world leader in producing solar electricity Some people believe that Germany’s walk away from nuclear power will lead it  down to more fossil fuel plants own  and all the CO2 emissions that come with them. But the country was cranking solar electric ity like it or no nation ever has, according to the International Economic Platform for Renewable Energies in Muenster. The group said in a press release last Saturday that photovoltaic operations in Germany were producing at 22 gigawatts for a cloudless stretch beginning at around noon on Friday, May 25, 2012. As the institute pointed out, that was the equivalent of about 20 nuclear power plants. You read "Solar Power" in category "Papers" Germany has long been the world leader in producing solar electricity, in large measure because over a decade ago it implemented â€Å"feed in tariffs† (FiTs) that essentially pay people and businesses for generating solar. Germany has been cutting those tariffs steadily, and at an accelerating pace as plunging prices of solar panels makes them less necessary. The FiTs have encouraged solar uptake and have led to lower prices through manufacturing economies of scale. On top of that, Chinese manufacturers have pushed prices down. German’s Parliament recently sped up FiT cuts in part because the subsidy has led to higher electricity prices,  a Bloomberg Businessweek story noted two months ago. The importance of solar is now greater than ever in Germany, following the country’s decision to abandon nuclear power after Japan’s Fukushima nuclear meltdown in March 2011. The world is watching this one. * Exploration of Solar Power In Bangladesh Bangladesh is a massively power-deficient country with peak power shortages of around 25%. More than 60% of its people do not have access to the power grid. The country only produces  3500-4200  MW of electricity against a daily demand for 4000-5200 MW on average, according to official estimates. Solar energy is an ideal solution as it can provide grid less power and is totally clean in terms of pollution and health hazards. Since it saves money on constructing electricity transmission lines, it’s economical as well. Little wonder that  it is becoming popular in Bangladesh. The number of households using solar panels has now crossed the one million mark, the fastest expansion of solar use anywhere in the world. In 2002, just 7,000 households in Bangladesh were using solar panels, but now more than one million households, or five million people, are benefitting from solar energy. The Government of Bangladesh has also withdrawn all the import tariff and VAT (Value Added Tax) on the raw materials of solar panels for the current fiscal year. In his budget speech, the Finance Minister Abul Mal Abdul Muhit said that Bangladesh gets about 250 to 300 sunny days on average per year (rainy days are not included). He added that since the maintenance cost is very low, we could massively increase the use of solar power in the country. The solar panel providers in Bangladesh are now expecting the price of batteries and accessories to drastically reduce. In fact, solar panels and accessories imported from countries in the developed world like Germany cost a lot, but the same panels manufactured in China cost much less. In the capital city, Dhaka, the power department has set a pre-condition of installing solar panels on buildings applying for new connections. In the villages, solar power is even being used to operate pumps for irrigation. Today both urban city dwellers and villagers in remote areas of Bangladesh are using solar energy. Photo Voltaic Power Stations World’s largest photovoltaic power stations (50 MW or larger)| PV power station| Country| DC peak power (MW)| Notes| Agua Caliente Solar Project| USA| over 200| 397 MW when complete| Charanka Solar Park| India| 214| Completed 2012| Golmud Solar Park| China| 200| Completed 2011| Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant| Canada| 97[24]| Constructed 2009–2010| Montalto di Castro Photovoltaic Power Station| Italy| 84. | Constructed 2009–2010| Finsterwalde Solar Park| Germany| 80. 7| Phase I completed 2009, phase II and III 2010| Okhotnykovo Solar Park| Ukraine| 80| Completed 2011| Solarpark Senftenberg| Germany| 78| Phase II and III completed 2011, another 70 MW phase planned| Lieberose Photovoltaic Park  | Germany| 71. 8| | Rovigo Photovoltaic Power Plant| Italy| 70| Completed November 2010| Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park| Spain| 60| Completed September 2008| Strasskirchen Solar Park| Germany| 54| | Puertollano Photovoltaic Park| Spain| 50| opened 2008| Possible future projections and recommendations: In Bangladesh, Gazipur Solar Panel Plant will be initiating soon BANECO Solar Energy Ltd. , a German-Bangladesh joint-venture, will start manufacturing European standard solar panel in the country very soon. The company has already set up a manufacturing plant at Gazipur at a cost of Tk. 27. 27 crore in effort to reduce country’s dependence on import of Solar Panel. In addition, BANECO has a plan to manufacture solar power station in each district, solar irrigation pump and solar streetlight gradually. * Powering Streetlights in Dhaka with Solar Power Currently, Dhaka uses around 22,000 sodium lights and 57,000 fluorescent lights for its streetlights. Plans are afoot to have solar-powered lights at 100 traffic intersections under a separate project funded by the World Bank. The solar panels will also power automatic time-countdown displays at intersections to tell motorists when the next change of lights will be. The power demands of traffic lights are insignificant, but officials said the project will raise awareness among the motorists about green technology. * Planning 1000 MW Solar Power Plant in Gujarat, India Taking cue from Gujarat, Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) proposes to set up solar power plant atop 2,494 kilometers long network of canals that has the potential to generate up to 1,000 mw green solar power. Setting up solar power plant atop water canal eliminates the need for land acquisition and water evaporation from the canal that is quite high in India with sunshine for nearly 300 days in a year. Future of Solar Power: The future of solar PV looks rather bright. The industry has consistently been able to lower the cost of solar panels. If this trend can be maintained for the next 10 years, and if subsidies are continued for that period, there is a real prospect for solar to become cost competitive on its own (that is, without a subsidy), at least for commercial installations. Utility-scale installations will take longer to become competitive. Conclusion Solar energy is lauded as an inexhaustible fuel source that is pollution and often noise free. The technology is also versatile. For example, solar cells generate energy for far-out places like satellites in Earth orbit and cabins deep in the Rocky Mountains as easily as they can power downtown buildings and futuristic cars. Today’s solar product offerings go way beyond what most people think of when they hear the term ‘solar power’ or ‘solar energy’ – typically they imagine solar electric panels on a roof converting sunlight into electricity. While these ‘photo voltaic’ panels do represent a piece of the solar pie, many more solar-powered products and technologies utilizing the sun’s energy now exist. Solar PV systems, battery-backed off-grid systems, solar farms and more are at the forefront of the solar power world innovations, with more to come. References http://environment. nationalgeographic. om/environment/global-warming/solar-power-profile/ http://www. solar-energy-at-home. com/why-use-solar-energy. html http://www. darvill. clara. net/altenerg/solar. htm http://www. smartplanet. com/blog/intelligent-energy/solar-electricity-world-record-germany-cranks-half-its-power-with-pv/16354 http://www. reuters. com/article/2012/07/05/us-banglades h-solar-idUSBRE8640DM20120705 http://www. energybangla. com/ http://cdkn. org/2011/07/explosion-of-solar-power-in-bangladesh/ http://www. mydigitalfc. com/news/dvc-plans-1000-mw-solar-power-plant-over-water-canal-network-586 How to cite Solar Power, Papers Solar Power Free Essays Peter Maloney writes in his article, † Environmentalists Against Solar Power† that solar power projects are facing major scrutiny, not from the coal or oil industry, but from environmentalists. Maloney says that Southern California is pushing for solar power in the desert cause the amount of sunlight with virtually no clouds, â€Å"but its also the home to the Mojave ground squirrel, the desert tortoise and the burrowing owl, and to human residents†. Maloney also states that the US Bureau of Land Management says that it had applications submitted for solar power that would cover 78,490 acres in the desert. We will write a custom essay sample on Solar Power or any similar topic only for you Order Now For the entire US, the number of applications grew from zero two years ago to more than 125 with enouch potential electrical power of 70,000 megawatts or the equivalent to 70 large coal plants. The rush to try and get this land is caused by a California Law that calls for 20 percent of the state’s electricity must come from renewable resources by 2010. Jim Harvey, who is the founder of the Alliance for Responsible Energy Policy, is quoted by Maloney saying, † Our position is that none of this is needed. We support renewable energy, and we support California’s renewable energy targets, but we think it can be done through rooftop solar†. Harvey also pointed out the success that Germany was having by using rooftop solar panels. The way it works is that the government offers payments for electricity generated from solar panels. The payment is roughly 50 cents per kilowatt hour. The average payment in the US in 11 cents per kilowatt hour, but the payments would not be as high as the German payments here. Maloney goes on to say not only would the solar panels destroy habitats, it would run the deserts small water supply, as it is, even more scarce. The mirror and solar panels would have to be washed, and some panels use turbines which would require more water. Terry Frewin, chairman of the Sierra Club’s California/Nevada desert commitee, says that † solar panels destroy all natice resources on site, and have indirect and irreversible impacts on surrounding wilderness†. At the current rate of adding 200 megawatts of rooftop solar panels a year, it would take â€Å"100 years to meet the 20 percent renewable [target set] by California†. The first major debate over a large solar power project was over the 250 acres of land, which was on the outskirts of Victorville, California, on the western side of the Mojave that was gonna be used for the solar panels. Inland hired people to look for the endangered ground squirrel and desert tortoise. No squirrels were found but some tortoises were, so the Inland, cmpany building the panels, said for every acre of lost habitat they would buy one acre of land to offset it. Although it would cost some â€Å"6.5 million to 10 million dollars† to buy the offsetting acreage. How to cite Solar Power, Essay examples

Solar Power Free Essays

string(54) " was the equivalent of about 20 nuclear power plants\." ABSTRACT The assignment is based on solar energy and the title is â€Å"Solar Energy: and infinite resource meeting our infinite demand. † Firstly, solar energy is then introduced where it states that the energy radiated from sun is the solar energy which is essential for Earth. The aspects to be covered and the motivation for choosing solar energy are then explained. We will write a custom essay sample on Solar Power or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pictures of solar cells are provided to have a better view of how solar power is generated. In addition, the importance of solar power is explained which says that solar energy is important to nature as it is the power source of life and a clean energy as it helps to keep the environment green. Secondly, the process of generating solar power from solar energy is explained with the help of a diagram. Next, real life examples of how solar power is harnessed in different countries are given. The examples are described in details and the use of solar power in Germany and Bangladesh is highlighted. Then, a table is included which represents the largest photovoltaic power stations around the world. You can read also Thin Film Solar Cell After that, some plans of using solar power in future are given in details. It further talks about the future of solar power in Bangladesh and India. Finally, the assignment is concluded with the thought that solar energy is a renewable resource which when used causes no pollution and for this reason, the world is watching that solar energy is not only capable of saving electricity but also it has many offerings that goes beyond what most people think. Solar Energy: An infinite resource meeting our infinite demand Introduction Sun had been the main source of energy since the Earth was born. It is the source for primary production. People have been using the energy of Sun in various ways. Apart from these usages, people have finally learnt to generate Solar Power from the solar energy. The Sun is 150 kilometers away, and amazingly powerful. Just the tiny fraction of the Sun’s energy that hits the Earth (around a hundredth of a millionth of a percent) is enough to meet our power needs many times over. In fact, every minute, enough energy arrives at the Earth’s surface to meet our demands for a whole year – it the energy could be harnessed properly. That is, Solar Energy is an infinite resource meeting our infinite demand. The sun produces a tremendous amount of energy. Every second, more than  4 million metric tons  of hydrogen is converted into helium. But even at this rate, the sun will continue producing solar energy for another  5 billion years. As a result, solar energy is considered the ultimate  renewable energy. Aspect to be covered: The use of solar energy to generate solar power (solar cells) and save electricity. Motivation: Nowadays, non-renewable resources are at crisis. In Bangladesh, electricity consumption is high and it fails to meet the demand. Bangladesh suffers load shedding at a high rate. Therefore, in order to save electricity, people must come forward and learn to harness solar energy in order to produce solar power. The more efficiently the solar energy can be harnessed, the more electricity can be saved. Using solar energy we will be able to reduce our carbon footprint and be free from rising utility rates. Importance of Solar Energy Generating Solar Power involves no pollution. Environmentally, it is the most Clean and Green energy. Solar energy is clean, renewable (unlike gas, oil, and coal), and sustainable, helping to protect our environment. Solar Energy Is Important In Nature: Solar energy is an important part of almost every life process, if not, all life processes. Plants and animals, alike, use solar energy to produce important nutrients in their cells. Plants use the energy to produce the green chlorophyll that they need to survive, while humans use the sun rays to produce vitamin D in their bodies. However, when man learned to actually convert solar energy into usable energy, it became even more important. Solar Energy Is Important As Clean Energy: Since solar energy is completely natural, it is considered a clean energy source. It does not disrupt the environment or create a threat to Eco-systems the way oil and some other energy sources might. It does not cause greenhouse gases, air or water pollution. The small amount of impact it does have on the environment is usually from the chemicals and solvents that are used during the manufacture of the photovoltaic cells that are needed to convert the sun’s energy into electricity. This is a small problem compared to the huge impact that one oil spill can have on the environment. The Conversion of Solar Energy to Solar Power Solar Cells (also called â€Å"Photovoltaic†, â€Å"PV†, or â€Å"Photoelectric† cells) convert sunlight into electricity. It is made up of three subsystems * The PV Devices generate the solar power by converting sunlight into direct-current (DC) electricity. * The BOS consists of all the equipment between the PV devices and the load. It includes the structure for mounting the PV devices, he power conditioning equipment to convert the DC electricity to alternating current (AC) for the use by the load, and batteries for storing the PV generated electricity if desired. The Load is simply the device that uses the electricity. The television is a good example of a load. Case Studies: * Germany has long been the world leader in producing solar electricity Some people believe that Germany’s walk away from nuclear power will lead it  down to more fossil fuel plants own  and all the CO2 emissions that come with them. But the country was cranking solar electric ity like it or no nation ever has, according to the International Economic Platform for Renewable Energies in Muenster. The group said in a press release last Saturday that photovoltaic operations in Germany were producing at 22 gigawatts for a cloudless stretch beginning at around noon on Friday, May 25, 2012. As the institute pointed out, that was the equivalent of about 20 nuclear power plants. You read "Solar Power" in category "Papers" Germany has long been the world leader in producing solar electricity, in large measure because over a decade ago it implemented â€Å"feed in tariffs† (FiTs) that essentially pay people and businesses for generating solar. Germany has been cutting those tariffs steadily, and at an accelerating pace as plunging prices of solar panels makes them less necessary. The FiTs have encouraged solar uptake and have led to lower prices through manufacturing economies of scale. On top of that, Chinese manufacturers have pushed prices down. German’s Parliament recently sped up FiT cuts in part because the subsidy has led to higher electricity prices,  a Bloomberg Businessweek story noted two months ago. The importance of solar is now greater than ever in Germany, following the country’s decision to abandon nuclear power after Japan’s Fukushima nuclear meltdown in March 2011. The world is watching this one. * Exploration of Solar Power In Bangladesh Bangladesh is a massively power-deficient country with peak power shortages of around 25%. More than 60% of its people do not have access to the power grid. The country only produces  3500-4200  MW of electricity against a daily demand for 4000-5200 MW on average, according to official estimates. Solar energy is an ideal solution as it can provide grid less power and is totally clean in terms of pollution and health hazards. Since it saves money on constructing electricity transmission lines, it’s economical as well. Little wonder that  it is becoming popular in Bangladesh. The number of households using solar panels has now crossed the one million mark, the fastest expansion of solar use anywhere in the world. In 2002, just 7,000 households in Bangladesh were using solar panels, but now more than one million households, or five million people, are benefitting from solar energy. The Government of Bangladesh has also withdrawn all the import tariff and VAT (Value Added Tax) on the raw materials of solar panels for the current fiscal year. In his budget speech, the Finance Minister Abul Mal Abdul Muhit said that Bangladesh gets about 250 to 300 sunny days on average per year (rainy days are not included). He added that since the maintenance cost is very low, we could massively increase the use of solar power in the country. The solar panel providers in Bangladesh are now expecting the price of batteries and accessories to drastically reduce. In fact, solar panels and accessories imported from countries in the developed world like Germany cost a lot, but the same panels manufactured in China cost much less. In the capital city, Dhaka, the power department has set a pre-condition of installing solar panels on buildings applying for new connections. In the villages, solar power is even being used to operate pumps for irrigation. Today both urban city dwellers and villagers in remote areas of Bangladesh are using solar energy. Photo Voltaic Power Stations World’s largest photovoltaic power stations (50 MW or larger)| PV power station| Country| DC peak power (MW)| Notes| Agua Caliente Solar Project| USA| over 200| 397 MW when complete| Charanka Solar Park| India| 214| Completed 2012| Golmud Solar Park| China| 200| Completed 2011| Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant| Canada| 97[24]| Constructed 2009–2010| Montalto di Castro Photovoltaic Power Station| Italy| 84. | Constructed 2009–2010| Finsterwalde Solar Park| Germany| 80. 7| Phase I completed 2009, phase II and III 2010| Okhotnykovo Solar Park| Ukraine| 80| Completed 2011| Solarpark Senftenberg| Germany| 78| Phase II and III completed 2011, another 70 MW phase planned| Lieberose Photovoltaic Park  | Germany| 71. 8| | Rovigo Photovoltaic Power Plant| Italy| 70| Completed November 2010| Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park| Spain| 60| Completed September 2008| Strasskirchen Solar Park| Germany| 54| | Puertollano Photovoltaic Park| Spain| 50| opened 2008| Possible future projections and recommendations: In Bangladesh, Gazipur Solar Panel Plant will be initiating soon BANECO Solar Energy Ltd. , a German-Bangladesh joint-venture, will start manufacturing European standard solar panel in the country very soon. The company has already set up a manufacturing plant at Gazipur at a cost of Tk. 27. 27 crore in effort to reduce country’s dependence on import of Solar Panel. In addition, BANECO has a plan to manufacture solar power station in each district, solar irrigation pump and solar streetlight gradually. * Powering Streetlights in Dhaka with Solar Power Currently, Dhaka uses around 22,000 sodium lights and 57,000 fluorescent lights for its streetlights. Plans are afoot to have solar-powered lights at 100 traffic intersections under a separate project funded by the World Bank. The solar panels will also power automatic time-countdown displays at intersections to tell motorists when the next change of lights will be. The power demands of traffic lights are insignificant, but officials said the project will raise awareness among the motorists about green technology. * Planning 1000 MW Solar Power Plant in Gujarat, India Taking cue from Gujarat, Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) proposes to set up solar power plant atop 2,494 kilometers long network of canals that has the potential to generate up to 1,000 mw green solar power. Setting up solar power plant atop water canal eliminates the need for land acquisition and water evaporation from the canal that is quite high in India with sunshine for nearly 300 days in a year. Future of Solar Power: The future of solar PV looks rather bright. The industry has consistently been able to lower the cost of solar panels. If this trend can be maintained for the next 10 years, and if subsidies are continued for that period, there is a real prospect for solar to become cost competitive on its own (that is, without a subsidy), at least for commercial installations. Utility-scale installations will take longer to become competitive. Conclusion Solar energy is lauded as an inexhaustible fuel source that is pollution and often noise free. The technology is also versatile. For example, solar cells generate energy for far-out places like satellites in Earth orbit and cabins deep in the Rocky Mountains as easily as they can power downtown buildings and futuristic cars. Today’s solar product offerings go way beyond what most people think of when they hear the term ‘solar power’ or ‘solar energy’ – typically they imagine solar electric panels on a roof converting sunlight into electricity. While these ‘photo voltaic’ panels do represent a piece of the solar pie, many more solar-powered products and technologies utilizing the sun’s energy now exist. Solar PV systems, battery-backed off-grid systems, solar farms and more are at the forefront of the solar power world innovations, with more to come. References http://environment. nationalgeographic. om/environment/global-warming/solar-power-profile/ http://www. solar-energy-at-home. com/why-use-solar-energy. html http://www. darvill. clara. net/altenerg/solar. htm http://www. smartplanet. com/blog/intelligent-energy/solar-electricity-world-record-germany-cranks-half-its-power-with-pv/16354 http://www. reuters. com/article/2012/07/05/us-banglades h-solar-idUSBRE8640DM20120705 http://www. energybangla. com/ http://cdkn. org/2011/07/explosion-of-solar-power-in-bangladesh/ http://www. mydigitalfc. com/news/dvc-plans-1000-mw-solar-power-plant-over-water-canal-network-586 How to cite Solar Power, Papers Solar Power Free Essays Peter Maloney writes in his article, † Environmentalists Against Solar Power† that solar power projects are facing major scrutiny, not from the coal or oil industry, but from environmentalists. Maloney says that Southern California is pushing for solar power in the desert cause the amount of sunlight with virtually no clouds, â€Å"but its also the home to the Mojave ground squirrel, the desert tortoise and the burrowing owl, and to human residents†. Maloney also states that the US Bureau of Land Management says that it had applications submitted for solar power that would cover 78,490 acres in the desert. We will write a custom essay sample on Solar Power or any similar topic only for you Order Now For the entire US, the number of applications grew from zero two years ago to more than 125 with enouch potential electrical power of 70,000 megawatts or the equivalent to 70 large coal plants. The rush to try and get this land is caused by a California Law that calls for 20 percent of the state’s electricity must come from renewable resources by 2010. Jim Harvey, who is the founder of the Alliance for Responsible Energy Policy, is quoted by Maloney saying, † Our position is that none of this is needed. We support renewable energy, and we support California’s renewable energy targets, but we think it can be done through rooftop solar†. Harvey also pointed out the success that Germany was having by using rooftop solar panels. The way it works is that the government offers payments for electricity generated from solar panels. The payment is roughly 50 cents per kilowatt hour. The average payment in the US in 11 cents per kilowatt hour, but the payments would not be as high as the German payments here. Maloney goes on to say not only would the solar panels destroy habitats, it would run the deserts small water supply, as it is, even more scarce. The mirror and solar panels would have to be washed, and some panels use turbines which would require more water. Terry Frewin, chairman of the Sierra Club’s California/Nevada desert commitee, says that † solar panels destroy all natice resources on site, and have indirect and irreversible impacts on surrounding wilderness†. At the current rate of adding 200 megawatts of rooftop solar panels a year, it would take â€Å"100 years to meet the 20 percent renewable [target set] by California†. The first major debate over a large solar power project was over the 250 acres of land, which was on the outskirts of Victorville, California, on the western side of the Mojave that was gonna be used for the solar panels. Inland hired people to look for the endangered ground squirrel and desert tortoise. No squirrels were found but some tortoises were, so the Inland, cmpany building the panels, said for every acre of lost habitat they would buy one acre of land to offset it. Although it would cost some â€Å"6.5 million to 10 million dollars† to buy the offsetting acreage. 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Realism In Death Of A Salesman Essay Paper Example For Students

Realism In Death Of A Salesman Essay Paper RealismRealism is defined as an attempt to reproduce faithfully the surface appearance of life. Death of a Salesman can be termed as a realistic play in many ways. The play has characteristics of an everyday-life situation. Death of a Salesman is almost equivalent to some families, in the way of Willy and Biffs disagreement on certain ideas. Willy is upset with Biff because he has not settled down and found a good job. As Happy and Biff are in the bed talking, Biff tells Happy, I tell ya, Hap, I dont know what the future is. I dont knowwhat Im supposed to want.(Miller 1642) Biff is unsure of his future. Willy, as he is talking to Linda, says, How can he find himself on a farm? Is that a life? A farmhand? In the beginning, when he was young, I thought, well, a young man, its good for him to tramp around, take a lot of different jobs. But its more than ten years now and he has yet to make thirty-five dollars a week!(1639) Willy is upset because he wants Biff to have a more productive life and to be very successful. I may not be as old as Biff is in the play, but I am in college and still trying to figure out my future. My parents are questioning me about my future but I am trying to be patient and decide on a great career. My situation is like Biffs, except my parents are not mad at me for not deciding quickly. Willy has some mental problems, as many people do, that cause him to do out of the ordinary things. One of his mental problems is that he talks to himself. Willy is sitting in the kitchen by himself and starts talking to Biff as if he were in high school, Just wanna be careful with those girls, Biff. Dont make any promises. No promises of any kind. Because a girl, yknow, they always believe what you tell em, and youre very young, Biff, youre too young to be talking seriously to girls.(1646) I have known people who are getting old start to talk to a stranger as if that person were their own daughter or son. This is not an exact example of Willys problem but it is close. Many elderly people suffer from mental problems. I would say it is just a reality of growing old. After Willys funeral is over, Biff and Happy are talking to one another about their father. Biff tells Happy that Willy did not know who he was. Happy is infuriated at Biff for his comment. Biff says, I know who I am, kid.(1706) Happy then says, All right boy. Im gonna show you and everybody else that Willy Loman did not die in vain. He had a good dream. Its the only dream you can ever haveto come out number-one man. He fought it out here, and this is where Im gonna win it for him.(1706) After Happy says that, Biff gives Happy a hopeless glance because Biff knows he is going to turn out to be just like Willy, thinking that having money, being well-liked, living lavishly, and having power is the most important things in life.In someway it is the same as abused children. After their parents have gone or the kids have grown up and moved out, they are most likely going to be the same way to their children as their parents were to them. Happy is going to end up being a salesman who has th e wrong perspective on the meaning of success. Death of a Salesman is very much like some families or people in real life. Author Miller did an excellent job of making this play realistic. Throughout my life, I have seen many families go through this same situation. Miller accomplished the attempt to make Death of a Salesman as real as life itself. .uad5fa7d273a092c8a9a7c735bd18b514 , .uad5fa7d273a092c8a9a7c735bd18b514 .postImageUrl , .uad5fa7d273a092c8a9a7c735bd18b514 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uad5fa7d273a092c8a9a7c735bd18b514 , .uad5fa7d273a092c8a9a7c735bd18b514:hover , .uad5fa7d273a092c8a9a7c735bd18b514:visited , .uad5fa7d273a092c8a9a7c735bd18b514:active { border:0!important; } .uad5fa7d273a092c8a9a7c735bd18b514 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uad5fa7d273a092c8a9a7c735bd18b514 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uad5fa7d273a092c8a9a7c735bd18b514:active , .uad5fa7d273a092c8a9a7c735bd18b514:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uad5fa7d273a092c8a9a7c735bd18b514 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uad5fa7d273a092c8a9a7c735bd18b514 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uad5fa7d273a092c8a9a7c735bd18b514 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uad5fa7d273a092c8a9a7c735bd18b514 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uad5fa7d273a092c8a9a7c735bd18b514:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uad5fa7d273a092c8a9a7c735bd18b514 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uad5fa7d273a092c8a9a7c735bd18b514 .uad5fa7d273a092c8a9a7c735bd18b514-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uad5fa7d273a092c8a9a7c735bd18b514:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: HIV: The Search For A Vaccine EssayReferencesMiller, Author. Death of a Salesman. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction,Poetry, and Drama. Eds. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. New York, NYLongman, 1999. 1636-1707.

Heat Capacity Ratios for Gases Essay Example

Heat Capacity Ratios for Gases Paper Heat Capacity Ratios for Gases Research Report Abstract The values for heat capacity ratio and the molar heat capacity for this experiment at a constant temperature were obtained using the kundt tube. The values for CO2, N2 and AR recorded here display the figures obtained from the lab procedures for expansion method and the speed of sound method. The ratio of heat capacity at constant pressure to heat capacity at constant volume for the three gases: Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide and Argon were estimated as 1.41(2), 1.29(2), and 1.673(5) by measurement of the speed of sound through the gas. Although the expected possible error for this experiment was a little higher than expected, the values were not far from the expected values basing the equipartion theorem. The values for C, calculated from y, were consistent with the documented literature for carbon (iv) oxide, nitrogen and argon. We will write a custom essay sample on Heat Capacity Ratios for Gases specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Heat Capacity Ratios for Gases specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Heat Capacity Ratios for Gases specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The aim of the experiment is: To Obtain the heat capacity ratio CP/CV using the Sound Velocity method though the use of a Kundt’s tube for the gases Nitrogen, argon dioxide and Argon. The results in this experiment were interpreted basing on the contribution several s degrees of freedom in the molecule of gases to the heat capacity of the compound. Introduction In this experiment, heat capacity was determined by both expansion method and the speed of sound method. Pressure measurements in the adiabatic expansion method were obtained using the standard butyl manometer. The expansion method uses the clement and desormes method to determine the cp/cv ratio for gases. The reliability of this experiment is good with a confidence level of up to 95%. For an ideal gas, CP = CV +R, whereby the values of CP and CV represent the molar heat capacities at constant pressure and volume. The speed of sound method for determining heat capacity uses the translational and rotational vibrational potential and kinetic energy of the gases on their speed. The effect is measured on a plane longitudinal sound wave that is propagated in a closed cylindrical tube also known as the kundt’s tube. The physical measurements obtained from these energies for particular species of gases are the molar heat capacities measured at constant pressure and volume. The deriv ation of the first formula given in this experiment, as documented in this report can be obtained from the shoemaker garland garland. For an ideal gas t?, = Cp/Cv of a gas can also be given as ?=Mc2/RT (1) and for Van-del-waal gases, ?=c2M/RT(1-2a/PV2+2b/V) (2) thus for or a theoretical value of Cv, ?=1+R/Cv*(1+2ap/(RT)2) (3) therefore using the equipartition theorem, the ratio can be given as: ?=Cp/Cv=1+R/Cv (4) In electromagnetic waves moving through a vacuum, this expression becomes: ? = c/ using the ideal gas, the heat capacity at constant volume is obtained from formula: CV= (degrees of freedom/2 )*R (6) Experimental The procedures for this experiment, as documented in the lab experiment procedures was followed. The ambient temperature for this experiment was 22.1 C while the ambient pressure was taken to be 752.0mmHg. Since the gas flow rate was low, the pressure of the gas in the tube maybe taken as the same to the ambient pressure. Successive location of the nodes when the screen of the oscilloscope showed a diagonal line was made possible by monitoring the input signal versus the output signal. Reading in the expansion experiment was based on shoemaker and nibler guideline, (p649-652). The values of half wavelength were recorded together with the temperature at the start and end of each series and the respective barometric pressures. A value of 1.004 was used for carbon dioxide and nitrogen while that of 2.004 kHz was used for argon as the frequency of the generated input sound wave. The values for half wavelength were averaged and the obtained mean used to calculate the speed of sound for every gas. The ratio of heat capacities was calculated using the value of speed using the formula given above. / The values of CV were also calculated to verify the document literature values. The periods for the generated sound was measured by the oscilloscope and converted to frequency using the equation=i/p. This conversation was done immediately after data collection. The speed of sound was obtained from the measurement of respective half wavelength using the relationship c=2(half wavelength) x frequency. the heat capacity ration was also defined using the formula, wavelength = cvb/cp. the gases used were simple, pure, monoatomic and diatomic gases, thus their heat capacity can be obtained using the ideal gas equation and treating the gases as van der waal gases ‘due to large errors found in the results in this experiment, a meaningful conclusion needs a critical anal ysis of data. The consistency low values that were obtained in the experiment indicated that there were some systematic errors that occurred in the experiment. A comparison of obtain speeds compared to documented speeds showed some deviation. Error analysis on the results was done and the possible error in the measured wavelength. This was done as outlined in garland et al p 38. Due to the large in the wavelength and effect in propagation through the calculation of speed and heat capacity, the calculated results for heat capacity could not be taken entirely as valid. There would be need to reduce the error in the wavelength by 3 orders of magnitude for the data to be valid. However the results agree with the predicted and documented values. A primary cause of the errors could be the instability in reading the oscilloscope. There were some fluctuations in the amplitude of the signal which made determinations of the amplitude difficult. This cause, however, could not be readily determ ined. The treatment of the gases as van der Waal gases, on the other hand, only led to minor changes in the result. This was expected due to the condition used in the gases. The experiment procedure was not enough to determine whether the gases were linear or nonlinear. The average speed of molecules in gases, are equal to the average velocities of molecules in any direction. This is because speed is simply the measure of magnitude of velocity for each molecules of gas. Velocity of a gas is the speed of gas in a certain direction, thus the average speed in a particular direction. Since sound is transmitted through the motion of molecules, the rate through which sound travels in gases is the same as the speed of molecules of gases since the speed of molecules is not a function of the gases pressure, but the temperature, the speed of sound in gases does not depend on pressure at all. Conclusion As noted earlier there is good agreement of the figures calculated with those of predicted. Though there are some errors in the experiment. Since the error is relatively large, it would not be easy to draw a difference between the linear and nonlinear structures of the polyatomic molecules of gases such as that of carbon dioxide. Also, since the difference in the equipartition, theorem of gases and the effect of wavelengths are in the order of -1, the errors need to be reduced.

Brief History of the US Federal Income Tax

Brief History of the US Federal Income Tax Money raised through income tax is used to pay for the programs, benefits, and services provided by the US government for the benefit of the people. Essential services such as national defense, food safety inspections, and federal benefit programs including Social Security and Medicare could not exist without the money raised by the federal income tax. While the federal income tax did not become permanent until 1913, taxes, in some form, have been a part of American history since our earliest days as a nation. Evolution of Income Tax in America While taxes paid by American colonists to Great Britain were one of the main reasons for the Declaration of Independence and ultimately the Revolutionary War, Americas Founding Fathers knew that our young country would need taxes for essential items such as roads and especially defense. Providing the framework for taxation, they included procedures for the enactment of tax law legislation in the Constitution. Under Article I, Section 7 of the Constitution, all bills dealing with revenue and taxation must originate in the House of Representatives. Otherwise, they follow the same legislative process as other bills. Before the Constitution   Before final ratification of the Constitution in 1788, the federal government lacked the direct power to raise revenue. Under the Articles of Confederation, money to pay the national debt was paid by the states in proportions to their wealth and at their discretion. One of the goals of the Constitutional Convention was to ensure that the federal government had the power to levy taxes. Since Ratification of the Constitution Even after the ratification of the Constitution, most federal government revenues were generated through tariffs taxes on imported products and excise taxes taxes on the sale or use of specific products or transactions. Excise taxes were considered regressive taxes because people with lower incomes had to pay a higher percentage of their income than did people with higher incomes. The most recognized federal excise taxes still in existence today include those added to the sales of motor fuels, tobacco, and alcohol. There are also excise taxes on activities, such as gambling, tanning or the use of highways by commercial trucks.​ As true with the modern income tax, those early taxes were far from popular among the people.But with the spirit of the American Revolution and independence still running high, some of the people took their dislike of taxes to far higher level. Between 1786 and 1799, three organized rebellions- all protesting various taxes- challenged the authority of the state and federal governments to generate needed revenue. Shays Rebellion from 1786 to 1787 was raised by a group of farmers in objection to what they considered the unfair methods used by state and local tax collectors. The Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 in western Pennsylvania came in protest to what President George Washingtons Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton wrongly considered an innocuous excise tax â€Å"upon spirits distilled within the United States, and for appropriating the same.† Finally, Fries’ Rebellion of 1799 was led by a group of Pennsylvania Dutch farmers opposed to a new federal government tax on houses, land, and slaves. While the farmers owned lots of land and houses, they were far from keen on paying taxes on slaves none of  them owned. Early Income Taxes Came and Went During the Civil War from 1861 to 1865, the government realized that tariffs and excise taxes alone could not generate enough revenue to both run the government and conduct the war against the Confederacy. In 1862, Congress established a limited income tax only on people who made more than $600 but abolished it in 1872 in favor of higher excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol. Congress re-established an income tax in 1894, only to have the Supreme Court declare it unconstitutional in 1895. 16th Amendment Forward In 1913, with the costs of  Ã‚  World War I looming, ratification of the 16th Amendment permanently established the income tax. The 16th  Amendment states: â€Å"The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.† The 16th Amendment gave Congress the power to tax the incomes of all individuals and the profits of all businesses. The income tax enables the federal government to maintain the military, construct roads and bridges, enforce the laws and federal regulations, and carry out other duties and programs.   By 1918, government revenue generated from the income tax exceeded $1 billion for the first time and topped $5 billion by 1920. The introduction of the mandatory withholding tax on employee wages in 1943 increased tax revenue to almost $45 billion by 1945. In 2010, the IRS collected nearly $1.2 trillion through income tax on individuals and another $226 billion from corporations. The Role of Congress in Taxation According to the US Treasury Department, the goal of Congress in enacting tax-related legislation is to balance the need to raise revenue, the desire to be fair to taxpayers, and the desire to influence the way taxpayers save and spend their money.

The benefits of increasing womens participation in top management Essay

The benefits of increasing womens participation in top management teams - Essay Example However, more importantly, there is the question of the reasons as to why women are still assuming relatively fewer of these critical positions in corporations. Despite the fact that women account for about 33.3 percent of the players occupying managerial positions, in general, the 2007 survey by the bureau of labor statistics gave surprising statistics (Bureau of labor Statistics, 2007). The statistics include that, from the statistics of 2006, less than a third of the top one thousand and five hundred firms in American had one woman player as a top managerial executive. Further, less than 6 percent of the top firms reported having more than one woman in executive position, and less than 3 percent had a female CEO (Bureau of labor Statistics, 2007). Through this paper, the writer will review the arguments reported through different sources that women are better at executive management than their male counterparts, which will amplify the question of the huge gender gap (Castanias and Helfat, 2001). Through the review of the subject, and reviewing the factual nature of the information showing that women make better executive managers, recommendations will be offered – which are expected to improve the management of different firms and organizations. These aims will be realized through the essay, through reviewing available data, to verify whether the more effective executive managerial capacities can be verified – which will lead to the formulation of recommendations to remedy the situation (Deszo and Ross, 2008). Through the recommendations advanced, the executive managerial staffs of firms and organizations will seek to exploit the varied managerial outlook of male and female executives, which is anticipated to improve the performance of these organizations (Castanias and Helfat, 2001). This paper will cover a literature review, which will give account of sources supporting the excellent managerial outlook of female players, and then offer a case study of an organization that has benefited from female participation in managerial practices. Precisely, the paper will use the case study to support the information supporting the standpoint of the discussion, while at the same time integrating theory into the discussion, towards the formulation of informative inferences and conclusions (Deszo and Ross, 2008). Theoretical background Castanias and Helfat (2001) argue that there is a wide range of literature and research reports giving the information that female managers are not only as good at performance as their male counterparts, but are also more effective in the executive management of organizations. The arguments go ahead to discuss that woman executive managers tend to be less hierarchical in their management of organizations, and their managerial outlook is often found to be more interactive, which increases the engagement and the output of employees (Carter, Simkins and Gar, 2003). Apart from increasing the possible effe ct of increasing the productivity of the organization, the role of executive female managers is likely to increase the levels of teamwork realized across the organization, and is likely to increase the intrinsic motivation of employees – and the two lead to an increase in the creativity of the workers of the organization, at their different roles (Book, 2000). Eisenhardt, Kahwajy and Bourgeois (1997) support the same point of view that having female members in the executive managerial function is likely to improve the performance and the outcomes of an organization. They discuss that female participat

Value of IT to Richer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Value of IT to Richer - Essay Example It is important to mention that large firm considers information technology to have strategic value and is used for attaining or realizing long term strategies of firms. The case of Richter also reflects the same. The aim to privatize the organization was realized through the implementation of the SAP financial module of an enterprise wide system. The success of the strategy to privatize the organization depended largely on the accuracy of financial information collected. The decision to implement SAP depicts the true value of IT that Richter held in realizing its long term goal to privatize. One of the strategic objectives of Richter was to increase revenues and reduce costs of the company. This required greater focus on materials management and production planning processes. It is seen that the major large organizations are able to increase efficiencies of their production processes and materials management processes through the implementation of IT infrastructure. Similarly, the i nstallation of MM module or the materials management module and the PP module or the production planning module was intended to bring about efficiency enhancement and productivity improvement in the organization. This was complimented with the establishment of a decision support system consisting of two production experts through whom doubts could be clarified, regarding data, definitions, procedures or information retrieval. The role of IT in improving revenues and costs also shows its value in Richter in meeting long term goals. Although installing the two production modules involved a cost of $2.12 million which comprised of an investment of $775,000 in equipments and $1.35 million on labour expenses. However, the employment of the internal IT staff saved the organization an amount of $525,000. Governance styles in use at Richter The case of Richter reflects the use of value based style of IT governance. The operational approach to IT governance describes governance as being inte ntional activity having its own artifacts and lifestyles. The value based IT governance style is based on the approach that desired outcomes can only be achieved through value based decisions. It tries to reject unnecessary activities and focuses more on high value projects. The value based style of IT governance begins from Richter’s decision making process regarding all the governance issues with beginning of the strategic plan of the company (CGI, â€Å"CGI’s approach to driving business value within managed services engagements†). The plan was aimed to involve all IT specialists within the organization as well as the IT mangers. The plan was primarily meant to focus on how IT could provide support to the business processes in the pharmaceutical company by stipulating the maintenance projects, investments along with changes in the staffing requirements and IT infrastructures. The IT governance includes the four stages of planning, implementing, managing and a ssessing. The planning stage necessarily involves identifying the governance requirement needs such as the meeting of compliance needs, adherence to policies, enhancing business values and meeting the service levels. The planning process in Richter begins with communication with the IT leaders about the infrastructural issues in the forthcoming

Behaviors and Practices of Nursing Students

Behaviors and Practices of Nursing Students Overview and Critical Appraisal of the Studies All of the included studies clearly outlined their research question, purpose, target population, sample and its characteristics. Out of 11 studies, five studies used cross sectional design (1, 9-12), two studies used longitudinal design (13-14), two studies used experimental designs (8, 15), and one study each used qualitative (16) and action research method (17). Out of 11 studies, five studies guided the research through the lens of theoretical framework (9, 11, 12, 14, 17). The sample size ranged from 15-300 and was recruited using convenient sampling. None of the studies used a random sample. Ethical approval and informed consent was obtained in all of the studies and essential measures were taken to ensure confidentiality and privacy of the participants. All of the studies used valid and reliable data collection instruments except some researchers (1, 10, 11, 14). The researchers used appropriate methods for descriptive and inferential analyses. The detail findings and strength s and limitations of the studies are presented in table I. Findings The findings of this review were reported under seven categories namely, physical and physiological self-care behaviors and practices, substance abuse and driving, health screening practices, emotional and psychological healthcare behaviors and practices, factors and interventions influencing healthcare behaviors and practices, comparison of health care practice of nursing and non-nursing students, and comparison of health behaviors and practice across academic years. Physical and Physiological Behaviors and Practices The physical and physiological behaviors and practices of nursing students was the most repetitive theme in most of the studies (1, 9-17). Based on findings of this review, it was defined as the behaviors or practices concerning diet or nutrition, exercise or physical activities, and sleeping habits of students. All of the studies under this theme reported healthy self-care behaviors of students except two studies (1, 10). For example, Horneffer (11) found that out of 300 students, 58% students exercised regularly while only 4% did not exercise. Nevins and Sherman (2016) found that out of 119 students, 77.7% ate a balanced diet while 22.6% rarely ate balanced diet, 62% students reported drinking about 3 to 8 glasses of water daily, 34% exercised regularly and 24.5% exercised rarely, but 70% students did not exercise enough. Consistently, Chow and Kalischuk (12) found that out of 211 students, 83% used to sleep 6 to 8 hours at night; 60% reported that the sleep was adequate while 37% reported inadequate sleep, 65% students reported drinking four to eight glasses of water or juice a day, 77% students ate balanced diet (49% frequently and 28% consistently), and 71% students exercised regularly or occasionally while 4% did not exercise at all. Clà ©ment et al., (13) observed self-care practices of students for three consecutive years: 1992, 1993, and 1994. The authors reported that majority of the students reported having adequate sleep (1992= 73%, 1993= 79%, 1994= 71%), eating balanced diet (1992= 88%, 1993= 81%, 1994= 79%), and carrying out adequate exercise (1992= 81%, 1993= 81%, 1994= 67%). Similar findings were reported by other researchers (8, 14-17). However, Ashcraft and Gatto (1) and Haddad et al., (10) reported that students had low to moderate self-care behaviors. The mean self-care practices on health responsibility, physical activity, and nutrition ranged from 2.07 to 2.58 indicating low self-care practices (10). In general, the evidence suggests that students have good self-scare practices in terms of nutrition, sleep, drinking water, and physical activity. Siappos et al., (16) qualitative findings affirms this because the students realized the importance of balanced diet, active lifestyle, adequate sleep, and body hygiene in maintaining their self-care. Substance Abuse and Driving Practices Several studies reported substance abuse including tobacco, alcohol, and illegal drug use and driving habits of nursing students (11-14, 16). In general, all of the studies reported that nursing students avoided smoking, alcohol consumption, drug abuse, and use safety measures while driving. For example, Siappos et al., (16) reported that students did not want to use tobacco and drugs because they considered them a threat to their health and security. Horneffer (11) reported that 71% students never smoked and 18% never consumed alcohol. However, 5% who smoked were not interested in quitting and 38% who consumed alcohol did not intend to refrain from it. Chow and Kalischuk (12) found that 59% students consumed alcohol occasionally while 35% did not consume at all and 85% students were non-smokers. This was the highest percentage of alcohol consumption in all the reviewed studies. Likewise, Clà ©ment et al., (13) found that over three years, 80 to 93% students did not consume alcohol, 80% to 90% abstained from smoking, and 94% to 90% wear seat belts while driving. Shriver and Scott-Stiles (14) assessed self-care practices of 71 nursing students over two years. The researchers found that there was improvement in the self-care behaviors of nursing students regarding alcohol and illegal drug use; in the first year 9.9% students consumed alcohol and 1.4 % used illegal drugs, while in the second year 8.8% consumed alcohol and 0 % used illegal drugs. Regarding driving habits, an improvement was seen; in the first year 57.7% always wear seat belt as drivers and 39.4% as passengers, while in the second year this percentage increased to 77.2% and 57.9% respectively. On the other hand, the students smoked more in the second year (8.8%) compared to first year (7.0%). However, the results of this study should be generalized with caution due to 9.94% attrition of nursing students in the second year. Health Screening Practices Health screening practices including Pap smear, self-breast examinations, self-testicular examination, and general screening were assessed by only two studies. Clà ©ment et al., (13) assessed self-care behaviors of students concerning self-breast examinations, clinical breast examination, and Pap smear. The researchers found that high percentage of nursing students engaged in clinical breast examination (1992= 75%, 1993= 79%, and 1994= 77%) and Pap smear (1992= 67%, 1993= 69%, and 1994= 81%) compared to self-breast examination (1992= 27%, 1993= 41%, and 1994= 43%). Shriver and Scott-Stiles (14) found that the percentage of students engaged in most of health screening practices increased from first year to second year. For example, self-breast examination (23.3% to 33.3%), self-testicular exam (0% to 33.3%), and blood pressure monitoring (83.1 to 87.7%). However, there was a slight decrease in some areas such as cholesterol monitoring (31.0% to 29.8%) and safe sex practices (63.4% to 50.9%). In general, the results are mixed but indicates that students engage themselves in their health screening and realize its importance in maintaining self-care. Emotional and Psychological Behaviors and Practices Several studies discussed the emotional, psychological and supportive self-care behaviors and practices of students (1, 8-12, 17). For this review, such practices entailed stress management, spiritual growth, interpersonal relations, and use of complementary therapies. Haddad et al., (10) reported low scores on spiritual growth, interpersonal relations and stress management of both Canadian and Jordanian nursing students with mean scores: spiritual growth (2.97 vs 2.98), interpersonal relations (3.12 vs 2.78), and stress management (2.46 vs 2.58). In general, the scores indicated that students did not engage in healthy emotional and psychological self-care practices. Contrary to these findings, Stark (15) reported generally good mean scores on these two domains; spiritual growth (3.27), interpersonal relations (3.43) and low scores on stress management (2.53). With regard to emotional self-care, Padykula (17) assessed emotional well-being of students and reported a high mean score of 4.12. With regard to the use of complementary therapies by students, Nevins and Sherman (9) found that out of 119 students, 45% actively used complementary therapies such as yoga, music, and meditation and while 54% denied using such therapies. This high percentage of students not using complementary therapies could be due to their lack of knowledge. The researchers reported that students rated their knowledge about such therapies 5.5 on the scale of 10. Chow and Kalischuk (12) also found that out of 211 students, 76% students used complementary therapies for maintaining their emotional and psychological well-being. The students mainly used complementary therapies: massage (54%), vitamins (49%), chiropractic (25%), herbal medicine (24%), yoga (21%), aromatherapy (18%), and acupuncture (9%). Based on mixed findings under this theme, it could be implied that the data is insufficient to reach a conclusion as to what extent students engage in self-care practices that promote their emotional an d psychological well-being. Factors/Interventions influencing Self-Care Behaviors and Practices Several factors and interventions were reported to influence self-care practices and behaviors of students (1, 8-13, 15-17). The common factors were cultural beliefs, perceptions about health, watching awareness programs about self-care on TV (10), academic and clinical stress and workload (13, 16), and increased knowledge of diseases, poor life style habits and their consequences, and importance of becoming a role model for patients (14). With regard to interventions, several researchers tested the effect of interventions on self-care practices of students. For example, Stark et al., (8) and (15) tested the effect of health promotion intervention, while Padykula (17) studied the influence on self-care practices in response to a holistic nursing course and reflective journaling. Stark et al., (8) tested an intervention consisting of teaching session about importance of self-care, development of self-care plan, and evaluation of self-care plan over a semester in 82 nursing students, 72 occupational therapy, and 47 speech language pathology students. The speech pathology students were part of comparison group and received no intervention. With regard to intervention, significant differences were noted in the health practices concerning overall HPLP (p=0.014), physical activity (p=0.001), and nutrition (p=0.025). Stark et al., (15) encouraged 67 students to develop a lifestyle self-care plan and engage in 2 hours/week sel f-care practice. The researchers found that this intervention resulted in an improvement of self-care practices in five domains; health responsibility (p=0.001), physical activity (p=0.001), nutrition (p=0.002), spiritual growth (p=0.002), and stress management (p=0.004). However, no significant differences were noted in the interpersonal relations domain (p=0.257). Likewise, Padykula (17) found significant pre-post mean differences in the domains: environment (4.27 vs 4.35), health responsibility (4.17 vs 4.32), and emotional well-being (4.12 vs 4.23). Overall, based on these findings, it could be implied that students may find it difficult to engage in self-care due to the above listed factors but the use of educational and health promotion interventions help in improving their self-care behaviors and practices. Comparison of Self-Care Practices of Nursing and Non-Nursing Students The self-care practices of nursing and non-nursing students were compared in three studies (8, 13-14). Stark et al., (8) compared 82 nursing students with 72 occupational therapy and 47 speech language pathology students. As previously discussed, speech pathology students were part of comparison group and received no intervention. The researchers compared the intervention and comparison groups, but no comparison was made between three groups of students. Clà ©ment et al., (13) compared practices of nursing students with education students and then made an overall comparison of both nursing students with a baseline study of Quebec population (which is beyond the discussion of this paper). With regard to nursing students and education students, the researchers noted no significant difference in the health behaviors of nursing students over three years (pà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤0.05) and between nursing and education students (pà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤0.05). Shriver Scott-Stiles, (14) compared self-car e practices of 71 nursing students and 83 non-nursing students in a two years longitudinal study. The number of students decreased in the second year resulting in 57 nursing students and 20 non-nursing students, therefore results should be generalized with caution. Some interesting findings of this study were: non-nursing students (45.8%) exercised more regularly than nursing students (22.5%), but also smoked more than nursing students (non-nursing= 14.5% and nursing = 7.0%). Overall, significant improvements were seen in the self-care behaviors and practice of nursing students compared to non-nursing students in the domains: eating habits (p=0.05) and self-breast examination (p=0.009). Overall, with one positive and one negative finding it was difficult to conclude whether nursing students self-care practices were better than non-nursing students. Comparison of Self-Care Behaviors and Practices across Academic Years Direct comparison of students practices across different academic years was not made, but several studies compared the self-care practices across semesters and over a period of two or three years (1, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17). For example, Ashcraft and Gatto (1) reported that no significant difference was noted among the nursing students as they progressed through different years (p=0.72), but the mean scores of decreased across years. Stark et al., (8) collected data at two points in time; semester I (T1) and semester II (T2) and noted significant differences between TI and T2 scores in the domains: health responsibility (p=0.027), physical activity (p=0.017), and nutrition (p=0.047). Contrary to these findings, Clà ©ment et al., (13) and Nevins and Sherman (9) did not note any statistically significant difference across self-care practices of students across academic years. Padykula (17) also assessed differences in students understanding of self-care practices at three times, that i s, at the beginning of the holistic nursing course, at the mid, and at the end. The researchers reported significant differences at three points in time, but these findings cannot be substituted for self-care practices of students. Overall, these findings indicated that none of the studies directly compared the differences in self-care practices across years, therefore no conclusion can be drawn. Discussion and Areas for Future Research This literature review explored self-care behaviors and practices of nursing students in general as well as across the academic years of study and identified areas for future research. The review of literature indicted that there are limited number of studies conducted to explore self-care practices and behaviors of nursing students. An interesting pattern in the reviewed studies was the inclusion of more female nursing students compared to male nursing students. This could limit the findings of the studies to female population only. Therefore, future studies should recruit an equal number of male and female students or should only focus on male nursing students. Also, future studies should use large, random, and representative samples. The future studies could also employ mixed-method approaches because the use of quantitative studies and self-administered instruments for data collection could have provided an incomplete understanding of students self-care practices. The general conclusion drawn from the reviewed studies is that nursing students understand the importance of self-care for personal well-being and realized the importance of maintaining their diet, sleep, and activity level in order to improve physical and physiological health. They tend to refrain from tobacco, alcohol, and illegal drug use and pay attention to their personal safety. Nursing students also engage in self-screening practices. However, further research is needed to explore general health screening practices of students because reviewed studies provided limited evidence in this area. These studies focused on exploring screening practices related to Pap smear, self-breast and self-testicular examination and did not explore general screening practicing such as regular dental checkups, stress and depression testing, diabetic testing, blood pressure monitoring, blood work and so forth. Also, the findings concerning self-testicular examination are not generalizable because o f the limited number of male studies in the sample. Although studies reported factors and interventions that may influence self-care practices of nursing students, further correlational research is needed to explore the strength of relationship of these factors. Further research is also needed to study the effect previously discussed interventions through more robust experimental studies such as Randomized Control Trials (RCT). Future RCTs should include nursing students as control or comparison group rather than non-nursing students which may help in reducing any possible biases due to matching of characteristics of comparison and control groups. Since none of the studies directly compared the self-care practices and behaviors of students across different academic years, further research is need to fill this research gap too. Further research is also needed to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of students regarding complementary therapies. Limitations This review is subject to several limitations: i) literature search within four databases only and inclusion of limited studies could have resulted in excluding other relevant studies thereby providing an incomplete understanding of students self-care practices, ii) the exclusion of dissertations and theses could have also limited an in-depth understanding, and iii) the thematic analysis of self-care practices and behaviors could have been guided by any pertinent theoretical and conceptual framework. Conclusion In conclusion, nursing students understood the importance of self-care for personal physical, psychological, and emotional well-being and realized the importance of maintaining their diet, sleep, and activity level to improve physical and physiological health. They tend to refrain from tobacco, alcohol, and illegal drug use, pay attention to their personal safety, and focus on several health screening practices including Pap smear, self-breast and self-testicular examination. However, students tend to neglect self-care practices which could improve their emotional and psychological health because of several factors such as academic stress, workload and inadequate knowledge about the strategies to improve self-care in this domain. There seems to be limited evidence for drawing any conclusions regarding students use of complementary therapies for self-care, the difference between self-care practices of nursing and non-nursing students, the usefulness of different interventions for impr oving students self-care practices, and difference is self-care practices and behaviors of students across academic years. Therefore, future research is needed in these areas. References Ashcraft PF, Gatto SL. Careà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ofà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ self in undergraduate nursing students: A pilot study. Nurs Educ Perspect. 2015;36(4):255-6. Younas A. A foundational analysis of Dorothea Orems self-care theory and evaluation of its significance for nursing practice and research. Creat Nurs. 2017;23(1):13-23. Austen M. Self-care in nursing: A call to action. 2015.[cited 2017 Feb 27]. Retrieved From https://www.arnbc.ca/blog/self-care-in-nursing-a-call-to-action-by-maren-austen-bsn-student/ Mills J, Wand T, Fraser JA. On self-compassion and self-care in nursing: Selfish or essential for compassionate care? Int J Nurs Stud. 2015;52(4):791-3. Pulidoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Martos M, Augustoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Landa JM, Lopezà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Zafra E. Sources of stress in nursing students: A systematic review of quantitative studies. Int Nurs Rev. 2012;59(1):15-25. Younas A. Levels of stress and coping strategies used by nursing students in Asian countries: An integrated literature review. The Journal of Middle East and North Africa Sciences,2016; 2(4), 50-57. Clark CS. Stress, psychoneuroimmunology and self-care: What every nurse needs to know. J Nurs Care. 2014;3(2):146. Stark MA, Hoekstra T, Hazel DL, Barton B. Caring for self and others: Increasing health care students healthy behaviors. Work. 2012;42(3):393-401. Nevins CM, Sherman J. Self-care practices of baccalaureate nursing students. J Holist Nurs. 2016;34(2):185-92. Haddad L, Kane D, Rajacich D, Cameron S, Alà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Maaitah R. A comparison of health practices of Canadian and Jordanian nursing students. Public Health Nurs.2004;21(1):85-90. Horneffer KJ. Students self-concepts: Implications for promoting self-care within the nursing curriculum. J Nurs Educ.2006;45(8). Chow J, Kalischuk RG. Self-care for caring practice: Student nurses perspectives. International Journal for Human Caring. 2008;12(3):31-7. Clà ©ment M, Jankowski LW, Bouchard L, Perreault M, Lepage Y. Health behaviors of nursing students: A longitudinal study. J Nurs Educ. 2002;41(6):257-65. Shriver CB, Scott-Stiles A. Health habits of nursing versus non-nursing students: a longitudinal study. J Nurs Educ. 2000;39(7):308-14. Stark MA, Manning-Walsh J, Vliem S. Caring for self while learning to care for others: a challenge for nursing students. J Nurs Educ. 2005;44(6):266-70. Siappo CL, Nà ºÃƒ ±ez YR, Cabral IE. Nursing students experiences in selfcare during training process in a private university in Chimbote, Peru. Escola Anna Nery. 2016;20(1):17-24. Padykula BM. RN-BS students reports of their self-care and health-promotion practices in a holistic nursing course. J Holist Nurs.2016:0898010116657226. Table I Summary of the Reviewed Studies Authors/ Study Purpose Methods/Sample Findings Strengths and Limitations Shriver Scott-Stiles (2000) To determine if nursing students practice healthy life Styles that would help prepare them to be effective advocates for health promotion and disease prevention. A longitudinal comparative study with a sample of 71 nursing students and 83 non-nursing students. Seven health care behaviors: sleep, diet, activity, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, sexual habits, self-screening were assessed. The Health Habit Inventory was used for data collection. The health behaviors of nursing were significantly higher than non-nursing students in both pre-and post-comparison. Strengths Use of theoretical framework, comparative analysis of two different populations, matching of groups in terms demographic variables, and appropriate statistical analysis. Limitations Convenient sample, more female students compare to male, mismatching in the age and gender of the groups, and use of non-valid and reliable instrument. Clà ©ment et al., (2002) To compare health care behaviors of nursing and education students over three year and to compare their results with general population. A longitudinal comparative study with a sample of 52 nursing students and 93 education students. Seven health care behaviors: sleep, diet, physical activity, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, self-breast examinations, pap tests, and clinical test examination were assessed. The Health Behavior Questionnaire was used for data collection. There were no significant differences in the health behaviors intervention and control group. Strengths Comparative analysis of two different populations, matching of groups in terms demographic variables, and appropriate statistical analysis. Limitations The participants were mainly female nursing students, high attrition rates (73.1% for nursing students and 58.9% for education students), and no random sample. Haddad et al., (2004) To compare healthcare practices of Canadian and Jordanian nursing students A descriptive cross sectional survey with a sample of 49 Canadian and 44 Jordanian nursing students. Data was collected using Health Promoting Life Style Profile-II (HPLP-II) which collects information regarding health responsibility, physical activity, nutrition, spiritual growth, interpersonal relations and stress management. Both Canadian and Jordanian students scored low to m moderate on all domains. The Canadian scored more on health care practices in terms of health responsibility, physical activity, and interpersonal relations. Strengths Comparative analysis of two different cultures. Limitations The participants were mainly female nursing students, use of non-valid and non-reliable Arabic version of HPLSP-II, small and convenient sample. Stark et al., (2005) To study the effect of health promotion intervention on self-care of nursing students. A pre-post intervention study with a sample of 67 students. The intervention consisted of development of lifestyle self-care plan and 2 hours/week self-care practice. The HPLP-II was used for data collection. A significant increase in self-care of nursing students was noted on six domains of HPLSP-II except for interpersonal relations. Strengths Use of a valid and reliable data collection tool, appropriate statistical analysis, Limitations Small and non-random convenient sample, no blinding, and no comparison or control group. Horneffer (2006) To assess nursing students degree of alignment with their self-concepts beliefs and explore the relationship of self-concepts with health behaviors and attitude towards health promotion messages. A descriptive cross sectional survey with a sample of 300 students. Data was collected using a scale to measure dimensions of self-concept (anonymous scale), Health Risk Assessment Form, and Heath Promotion messages regarding diet, exercise, and sleeping habits. Most of the students perceived that health is closely related to taking care of oneself and dimensions of self-concept associated with health behaviors and responses to health promotion messages. Strengths Use of a theoretical framework to conceptualize self-concept and use of large sample. Limitations Data collection from one institution and little information provided about the validity and reliability testing of the used instruments. Chow Kalischuk (2008) To examine undergraduate nursing students self-care behaviors. A descriptive cross sectional survey with a sample of 211 out of 330 students. Data was collected using the Self-Care Complementary Therapies Survey. The nursing students practiced a positive level of self-care. Most of the students reported that they drink enough fluids, have adequate sleep, eat balanced diet, personally used complementary therapies. Strengths Use of a theoretical model as a framework and the use of a valid and reliable data collection tool. Limitations Small and convenient sample, cross-sectional design, and data collection from one institution, and more female participants than male. Stark et al., (2012) To increase health care behaviors of healthcare students by using a health promotion intervention. A pre-post intervention study with a comparison group. The sample consisted of 201 students; 82 nursing students, 72 occupational therapy, and 47 speech language pathology students. The HPLP-II was used for data collection. Speech language pathology students received no intervention. The intervention consisted of teaching session about importance of self-care, development of self-care plan, and evaluation of self-care plan over a semester. The intervention group improved their self-care practices compared to comparison group. There were also significance differences in pre-and post-comparison. Strengths Use of a valid and reliable data collection tool, use of comparison group, appropriate statistical analysis, and matching of comparison and intervention group in terms of age, race, gender and marital status. Limitations Small and non-random sample, no blinding, and discipline specific differences among the participants were not considered, and more female students than male. Ashcraft Gatto (2015) To explore self-care practices among nursing students. A pilot cross-sectional study with a sample of 199 students. Live Well Lifestyle Assessment Scale was used for data collection. Students tend to neglect their self-care and focus more on the care of patients. Limitations Small and convenient sample, pilot design, and data collection from one institution, missing data as 81 (41%) questionnaires were invalid, and more female students compare to male. Nevins Sherman (2016) To investigate baccalaureate nursing student perspectives of self-care practices to gain understanding of their value in health promotion. A descriptive cross sectional survey with a sample of 119 students. Data was collected using the Self-Care Complementary Therapies Survey. The overall health status was rated as 7.8 on 10. Students diet, sleep, and exercise practices were satisfactory. Strengths Use of a theoretical model as a framework and the use of a valid and reliable data collection tool. Limitations Low response rate (44.5%), small and convenient sample, cross-sectional design, data collection from one institution, chances of social desirability bias. Padykula (2016) To explore RN-BS students self-care and health promotion practices (SCHP) in a holistic nursing course. A qualitative study action research with a sample of 15 students. Data was collected using reflective journal writing and the Integrative Health and Wellness Assessment (IHW